Brief motivational intervention (bMI) is a therapeutic approach that encourages self-efficacy and may have a positive effect on breastfeeding self-efficacy (BSE). The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of a bMI in increasing BSE in women who started breastfeeding in the immediate postpartum period and to explore the roles of general self-efficacy and other baseline variables in this relationship. A randomized, parallel-group clinical trial was carried out. A bMI was compared with an educational session on breastfeeding. Changes in BSE and its dimensions and the interaction and mediation/moderation of general self-efficacy and other variables were analyzed. BSE increased in the bMI group from a mean baseline score of 59.14 (±9.35) to 64.62 (±7.91) at 1st month (p < 0.001). An interaction was found in that only women with higher education had an improvement in BSE during the follow-up period that was attributable to the bMI (mean difference between the bMI and the attention control group: 18.25 (95% confidence interval: 5.86-30.19; p = 0.006). This interaction was not found for the changes produced in the intrapersonal thoughts dimension of BSE, whose scores were higher in the bMI group at 3 and 6 months. General self-efficacy exerted a moderating effect on the association of bMI with BSE change. The effect of bMI was no longer significant when the general self-efficacy score was above 84. Thus, bMI is effective in increasing BSE. This effectiveness was limited by the mother's educational level and moderated by baseline general self-efficacy.

The relationship between anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies and cardiovascular events is uncertain and may vary according to arterial location.

Schooling of children between 0 and 3 years old involves a process of adaptation and increases their exposure to infectious diseases, which leads to school absenteeism. Breastfeeding facilitates the development of secure attachment and protects the infant against infections. This study aimed to determine whether breastfeeding facilitates the adaptation of infants between 0 and 3 years old to early childhood center and decreases school absenteeism. A cross-sectional study was carried out by collecting data through a questionnaire, which was filled out by the parents and the childcare professionals. 160 infants participated. 40% of the infants who received infant formula from birth showed dependency behaviors (inconsolable crying or do not leave the caregiver for a long time) at the time of pick-up from the center, compared with 10%, 2.7%, and 2.6% of children breastfed between 0 and 6 months, and more than 6 and 12 months, respectively ( = 0.001). The interquartile range of absenteeism days per episode was 2-3 days for infants fed infant formula versus 1-2 days for those who were breastfed for more than 12 months ( = 0.041). Breastfeeding seems to be associated with fewer dependency behaviors at the time of collection and with fewer days of absence.

The Expanded Susceptibility to Smoking Index (ESSI) is based on the combination of susceptibility to smoking and curiosity about smoking. The ESSI can identify young people who are at risk of starting to smoke cigarettes and related products. The objective of this study was to analyse the ESSI results and to examine factors associated with ESSI scores in students between 12 and 16 years of age. Sociodemographic, social/environmental and personal variables were analysed, and the ESSI value was determined for non-smoking students recruited from three schools in western Spain. Regression models were used to examine the factors associated with smoking for the entire sample and the factors associated with ESSI scores in the non-smoking population. Of the 377 participants who were analysed, 20.4% were smokers. Among the non-smokers, 53.5% and 55.3% presented medium-high ESSI scores for cigarettes and e-cigarettes, respectively, and 39.8% presented medium-high ESSI scores for hookah use. A higher ESSI score was associated with greater exposure to people smoking in the home, having more friends who smoke, alcohol consumption, and a higher impulsivity scale score. These findings reinforce the importance of reducing peer pressure and suggest the important role of resolve under conditions of positive affect on reducing impulsivity. Approaches based on self-efficacy could be addressed in preventive programmes developed in educational settings.

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of a postoperative educational intervention program on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with hip fracture using a controlled clinical trial in a randomized, multicenter study. In total, 102 patients (45.5%) from trauma units at the two University Hospitals of the province of Cáceres received the educational program, whereas 122 (54.5%) did not. Patients were consecutively included in either an intervention or a control group. Patients from the intervention group received an educational program during admission and the postoperative period. Patients from the control group did not receive any educational program. These patients were managed according to routine protocols. The patients were predominantly female (76.3%), aged 84.6 years (SD 6.1). All dimensions in both groups at 12 months showed a significant decrease with respect to baseline, except for bodily pain in both groups ( = 0.447; = 0.827) and social functioning in the intervention group ( = 0.268). Patients receiving the educational program showed higher levels in the dimensions of the Mental Component Summary (MCS-12) ( = 0.043), vitality ( = 0.010), and social functioning ( < 0.001), as well as in the dimensions of the SF-12 health survey questionnaire of HRQoL 12 months after surgery. In conclusion, our study of the intervention group showed that there were significant improvements in MCS-12, vitality, and social function dimensions compared to the control group.

There is a paucity of data on the relationship between backpack use and foot posture in children. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a backpack on foot posture in children with neutral foot posture during three years of follow-up.

Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) is a new marker of arterial stiffness (AS) that can assess vascular wall stiffness in the aorta, femoral artery and tibial artery. CAVI is less affected by blood pressure at the time of measurement than the gold standard method (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV)). Our group has developed a device called VOPITB (Velocidad Onda de Pulso Índice Tobillo Brazo) that uses the oscillometric method and easily and accurately measures the PWV in the arms and legs separately, allowing new AS indices to be studied. This article describes the research protocol to determine CAVI using VOPITB and to validate the device against a reference device (VaSera VS-1500) and assess its clinical utility.

Body roundness index (BRI) is a new anthropometric index developed to predict both body fat and the percentage of visceral adipose tissue. Our aim was to investigate whether BRI is superior to traditional anthropometric indices in predicting metabolic syndrome (MetS). This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Sciences databases. The estimated pooled areas under curve (AUCs) for BRI predicting MetS was higher than body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body shape index (ABSI) and body adiposity index (BAI), similar to waist circumference (WC) and lower than waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). However, the difference between BRI and BMI, WC and WHtR predicting MetS was statistically non-significant. Similar results were found with the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-SROC). In addition, the non-Chinese population had pooled AUCs greater than the Chinese population for all indices. Pooled ORs showed that BRI is associated with an increased MetS risk. In conclusion, BRI had good discriminatory power for MetS in adults of both sexes from diverse populations (AUC > 0.7; AUC-SROC>0.7). However, WC and WHtR offer the best performance when screening for MetS, and non-significant differences were found with BRI. In contrast, BRI was superior to BMI, WHR, ABSI and BAI in predicting MetS.

The brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) is one of the most widely used arterial stiffness variables for assessing vascular risk. The abiPWV is a device that calculates various PWVs and the blood pressure ankle-brachial index (ABI). The device can also determine baPWV. The aim of this study was to calculate the baPWV with abiPWV, validate it with a reference device (VaSera) and study its clinical usefulness.

To evaluate the effectiveness of a brief motivational intervention to increase the breastfeeding duration in the first 6 months postpartum in mothers who began breastfeeding in the first hour after birth and to explore the role of general and breastfeeding self-efficacy in this relationship.

The influence of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on outcome in patients with symptomatic artery disease remains controversial.

The simultaneous effect of physical activity (PA) and smoking on pulmonary function in young people remains unclear.

To estimate the effectiveness of a brief motivational intervention (BMI) in increasing the duration of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months postpartum. A complementary aim was to examine a potential mediating role of breastfeeding self-efficacy in the effectiveness of the BMI.

The Mediterranean diet (MD) has been associated with an improvement in health and an increase in longevity. Certain components of a MD can play a role in the prevention of osteoporosis and/or hip fracture. We investigated the association between the degree of adherence to a MD and bone mineral density (BMD) measured in several bone areas in a population of Spanish premenopausal women. We analyzed 442 premenopausal women aged 42.73 ± 6.67 years. Bone measurements were obtained using quantitative bone ultrasound (QUS) for the phalanx, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for the lumbar spine, Ward's triangle, trochanter, and hip, and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) for the non-dominant distal forearm. MD adherence was evaluated with MedDietScore. Amplitude-dependent speed of sound (Ad-SOS), BMD, and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) (total, trabecular, and cortical bone density) were positively associated with higher adherence to the MD ( < 0.05). Adherence to the MD was significantly associated with QUS, BMD, and vBMD in multiple regression analysis; QUS: Ad-SOS (m/s) β = 0.099 ( = 0.030); BMD (g/cm²): femur neck β = 0.114 ( = 0.010) and Ward's triangle β = 0.125 ( = 0.006); vBMD (mg/cm³): total density β = 0.119 ( = 0.036), trabecular density β = 0.120 ( = 0.035), and cortical density β = 0.122 ( = 0.032). We conclude that the adherence to the MD was positively associated with better bone mass in Spanish premenopausal women.

There is an outstanding need to identify predictors of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) among young adults, particularly women. Impulsivity, or the tendency to act without thinking, is a predictor of DUI, but the specific facets of impulsivity that predict DUI and their interaction with sex differences remain unclear. We aimed to investigate sex differences in the link between impulsivity facets and DUI. Moreover, we sought to replicate previous findings regarding sex differences on impulsivity, and associations between impulsivity facets and DUI.

Epilepsy is a chronic disease with high prevalence. Its impact in the quality of life is influenced by factors like disease characteristics, comorbidities, stigma perception and treatment adherence.

Although genetic and epidemiological studies support that people with high lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] levels are at an increased risk for arterial disease, its prognostic value in patients with established artery disease has not been consistently evaluated.

To assess the nutritional status (NS) of patients at three months of suffering a stroke, and to establish the relationship between functional recovery and complications in this period.

Heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, and mercury, are absorbed through contaminated food sources and water. Few studies have investigated the extent to which dietary heavy metals are associated with low bone mineral density.

The pulse wave velocity (PWV) in the great arteries is an indicator of vascular risk. Our objective was to identify the PWV index between the arms and legs that best correlates with the coronary calcium quantification (CCQ) and to compare it with other methods.

A high perception of risk may exert a preventive effect against the initiation of risky activities. The aims of the present study were (1) to analyze the risk perception for traumatic incidents according to drug intake (alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, no consumption) by trauma patients admitted to our hospital, and (2) to explore the influence of drugs on trauma recidivism.

The application of the hydroperoxidase activity of immobilized lipoxygenase to xenobiotic metabolization is reported in this work. Soya bean lipoxygenase has been immobilized by covalent coupling to oxirane acrylic beads. This immobilized system has been applied to the oxidation of chlorpromazine (CPZ), a phenothiazine of wide pharmacological use which in some cases presents toxicity. Immobilized lipoxygenase produces the oxidation of CPZ in the presence of hydrogen peroxide at acidic pH, maintaining a high level of activity and stability. In comparison with free lipoxygenase, the immobilized enzyme system shows higher catalytic efficiency and protection against enzymic inactivation produced by the presence of H(2)O(2). When the system of immobilized enzyme was loaded into a bioreactor operating in continuous mode, the level of CPZ oxidation was higher than obtained using a discontinuous procedure or the free enzyme. The results obtained in this work suggest that a system of covalent immobilized lipoxygenase operating in continuous mode may constitute a valuable tool for xenobiotic detoxification or metabolization studies.

Incubation of fluorescein 5'-isothiocyanate (FITC) with soybean lipoxygenase produces the coupling of 1 mol of fluorophore to 1 mol of enzyme. Derivatized lipoxygenase lost 40% activity through a mixed-type inhibitory mechanism. The quenching by IK of the fluorescence of FITC-labeled lipoxygenase shows that the fluorophore is located near the surface of the protein. The partial impediment of the FITC labeling when the substrate is present in the medium, together with data of the tryptic digestion, suggests that FITC is attached via the access channel of substrate to the catalytic site. Labeling does not induce appreciable modification of the enzyme specificity, suggesting that the position of substrate in the active site is not modified by the labeling. The results obtained strongly suggest that FITC labels soybean lipoxygenase specifically at a lysyl residue which contributes to fixation of the carboxylic end of the substrate to the active center. The experimental data obtained from the quenching of FITC fluorescence by NDGA reveal that this molecule interacts with the protein near the catalytic site.

An automated method for measuring arterial path length with devices that determine pulse wave velocity (PWV) in peripheral arteries is frequently applied. We aimed to compare arterial path length measurements based on mathematical height-based formulas with those measured manually and to assess whether the ankle-brachial difference (abD-PWV) measured with the VOPITB device is comparable to that obtained by manual measurements. In 245 patients, a metric measuring tape was used to determine the arterial path length from the suprasternal notch to the midpoint of the VOPITB cuffs wrapped around the extremities, and the results were compared with those obtained with height-based formulas. We examined the relationship between the abD-PWV measured with both methods. The arterial path length measured manually was shorter than that calculated automatically by 5 ± 2 and 30 ± 4 cm-of 13% and 21% for the arms and legs, respectively (difference of 13% and 21%). As a result, the abD-PWV calculated with the automatic method was greater (automatic abD-PWV vs. manual: 462 ± 90 vs. 346 ± 79 cm/s). The Blant Altman plot showed a percentage error of: 15,2%, 7,5% and 17,3% for heart-brachial, heart-ankle length and abD-PWV respectively. In conclusion there were significant differences between manual and automated arterial length measurements and it translates into difference abD-PWV calculate from both methods. However, the Bland-Alman plot showed that abD-PWV was comparable for both techniques. The advantages of height-based formulas for the calculation of arterial path lengths suggest that they may be the recommended method for measuring the abD-PWV.

College students are particularly vulnerable to risky alcohol use, which increases their likelihood of developing an alcohol use disorder in the future. As such, preventing and reducing alcohol use among college students should be a priority for health and social policies. This work was aimed to show that brief group-delivered MI is as effective as brief-group CBT at reducing alcohol use in college students. Eighty-nine college students (69 females; mean age = 21.01, SD = 2.85) with risky alcohol use, as measured by the AUDIT-C, were assigned to two groups, receiving three sessions of either brief group-delivered MI or CBT (bMI/bCBT). Alcohol use was assessed 3 and 6 months after the interventions, and analyzed according to an Intention-to-treat design. Changes in alcohol use at both points (relative to baseline) as well as post-intervention scores of intention to continue treatment and satisfaction with the psychologist were compared across groups, using one-sided Bayesian t-tests. Alcohol use decreased in both groups at the 3- and 6-months measurement points (relative to baseline). However, using bCBT superiority as an alternative hypothesis and the absence of such superiority as a point-null hypothesis, the Bayes factors supported the null at both the 3- and the 6-months follow-up (BF01 = 7.13, and BF01 = 5.22 respectively). Furthermore, the intention to continue treatment was substantially higher in the bMI group (BF10 = 9.77). These results are considerably robust to changes in analyses' priors. This study suggests that bCBT is not more effective than bMI at reducing alcohol use in our college student group (in which females are overrepresented). Additionally, bMI showed higher intention to continue treatment scores. The comparable results of brief and group-delivered CBT and MI interventions in alcohol use reduction allows clinicians to select treatments based on their own skills or preferences without any detriment to efficacy.

A study is made of the influence of alcohol and/or drug abuse upon traumatismo recurrence, with an analysis of the influence of such abuse upon the time to appearance of first injury in patients without antecedents of trauma.

This work describes the application of the N-demethylase activity of immobilized soybean lipoxygenase to the oxidative degradation of xenobiotics. Previously (1) we have shown that immobilized lipoxygenase produces the oxidative degradation of CPZ in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. As a continuation of this work, here we studied the N-demethylation of CPZ by the hydroperoxidase activity of covalent immobilized soybean lipoxygenase. The obtained results clearly reveal that the immobilized system produces the N-demethylation of CPZ in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, maintaining a high level of activity in comparison with free enzyme. Additionally, the immobilized lipoxygenase shows stability higher than that of free enzyme, making feasible its use in a bioreactor operating in continuous or discontinuous mode. The results obtained in this work, together with those obtained previously by us for the oxidation of CPZ, suggest that hydroperoxidase activity of immobilized lipoxygenase may constitute a valuable tool for oxidative xenobiotics degradation or for application to synthetic processes in which a N-demethylation reaction is involved.

To quantify the association between the presence and type of drug detected and trauma recidivism in a cohort of patients admitted due to trauma.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the parameters recorded by the Simodont dental trainer and methacrylate block grades during preclinical practicums to validate whether manual skills can be assessed by both methodologies, over a period of two years and to obtain a preclinical evaluation methodology for all the parameters that measure Simodont performance in each of the prepared figures. To this end, the methacrylate block practice's criteria and evaluation scale were used as predictors. A total of 82 students who completed the first year of dentistry were followed for 2 years. Their performance on the same task (i.e., cavity preparation of three figures in the Simodont and methacrylate blocks) was then reevaluated in the third year. Manual skill improvement was detected in all the students. The parameters measured by the Simodont were used as predictors of the methacrylate block evaluation's results, performed by a professor. Multiple linear regression models for each of the figures and years evaluated in the study were proposed. The present study demonstrates that both methodologies can detect manual skill improvement in dental students. Additionally, the Simodont practice can be reliably evaluated.

To estimate how many of the trauma patients admitted to ICU would be candidates for a secondary prevention programme for trauma related to alcohol or drug use by brief motivational intervention and to define what factors prevent that intervention being performed.

The effect of drugs other than alcohol on severity of trauma remains unclear. Pooled data analyses in previous studies that grouped substances with opposite effects on the central nervous system (CNS) may have masked the influence of substances on injury severity. The aim was to analyze the effect of stimulant, hallucinogenic and depressant drugs other than alcohol on injury severity in trauma patients.

To explore and document the experiences and values of spouse caregivers of stroke survivors. To gain more in-depth knowledge of how the act of caring and the adaption process affects caregiving spouses.

Estimate the effectiveness of brief interventions in reducing trauma recidivism in hospitalized trauma patients who screened positive for alcohol and/or illicit drug use.

Alcohol, illicit drugs, and psychotropic medications are well-known causes of traumatic events. However, the association of each type of substance with trauma recidivism remains unclear.

The relationship between benzodiazepines, opioids and tricyclic antidepressants and trauma is of great importance because of increased consumption and the growing evidence of a positive association among older adults. The objective of this study was to determine the effect size of the association between the consumption of psychotropic medications /opioids and falls in patients who have suffered trauma by studying the role of other variables in this relationship.

Very few studies have conducted an economic assessment of brief motivational intervention (BMI) in patients experiencing traumatic injuries related to alcohol and/or substance use. Furthermore, findings concerning the potential long-term economic benefits of BMI applied in nursing are promising but very scarce.

The regular consumption of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCO3-PUFAs) results in general health benefits. The intake of LCO3-PUFAs has been reported to contribute to bone metabolism. We aimed to investigate the relationships between dietary intakes of LCO3-PUFAs and bone mineral density (BMD) in Spanish women aged 20-79 years old. A total of 1865 female subjects (20-79 years old) were enrolled, and lumbar (L2, L3, L3 and total spine), hip (femoral neck (FN), femoral trochanter (FT) and Ward's triangle (WT)) bone mineral density (BMD) were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Dietary intakes of total energy, calcium, vitamin D, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and n-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA)) were assessed by a self-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Spearman's rank correlations between LCO3-PUFAs and BMD were estimated. Partial correlations controlling for age, weight, height, dietary calcium, vitamin D, menopausal status and energy were calculated. A multiple regression analysis was computed to assess significant associations with BMD in this population. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, there were positive correlations between ALA, EPA and DHA intake and BMD. According to the WHO diagnosis criteria for osteoporosis, in this population of normal and osteopenic women, the dietary intake of ALA was also significantly associated with BMD at the hip. In normal women, the dietary intake of DHA was also significantly associated with BMD at the lumbar spine. No significant associations between LCO3-PUFAs and BMD were detected in the lumbar spine of osteopenic or osteoporotic women. The dietary intake of LCO3-PUFAs was positively associated with BMD in Spanish women at both the hips and the lumbar spine. We highlight that the intake of LCO3-PUFAs is not significantly associated with BMD in osteoporotic women; however, the intake of LCO3-PUFAs seems to be positively associated with BMD at both the hips and the lumbar spine in normal and osteopenic women.